Britain and Europe: The view from the FT archive
Roula Khalaf, Editor of the FT, selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter.
In just a few short months’ time, Britain is set to take one of the most important choices since the second world war — whether to leave or remain in the EU.
The referendum follows not just the recent negotiations between the UK and the 27 other EU member states but also more than half a century of controversy, dating back to Britain’s initial decision to stay out of the bloc’s forerunners and the French vetoes that prevented it from joining in the 1960s.
Each of the decades that came after Britain’s 1973 accession has been characterised by vast changes: the 1980s push to set up the bloc’s single market; the 1990s introduction of the euro; large scale enlargement in the 2000s; and, in the 2010s, a succession of crises.
These included pressure on the eurozone as the Greek economy tottered; an unprecedented wave of migrants and refugees; and the prospect of Brexit itself.
During all that time, the Financial Times has reported on and analysed the story of Britain and Europe, an issue of overwhelming importance for economics, finance, business and ordinary citizens.
From the day the UK joined, when a leader anticipated European monetary union, to the 1980s, when Joe Rogaly wrote of the “potential schism” that ran through the Conservative party on Europe; to the 1990s, when Lionel Barber foresaw a two-speed Europe, FT coverage has encompassed not just the news but the much bigger picture.
During this century, the FT has examined an even more tumultuous era that has raised doubts not just about Britain’s place in the EU but the bloc’s future itself. Philip Stephens charted tensions within Europe from the Suez crisis to the Iraq war; Janan Ganesh celebrated Britain’s talent for half-measures; and George Parker and Alex Barker followed David Cameron in the battle he had once sought to avoid — for a Britain in Europe, if not at the very heart.
Here is a sample of how the FT has chronicled this hugely important story, from the beginning of Britain’s membership to this year’s historic vote.
1973: Britain finally enters EEC
UK joins 18 years after spurning the Messina conference that kicked off the bloc’s creation — and a decade after France first vetoed British membership.
- EEC: Exciting times ahead, says Heath
- FT View: The new tasks ahead
1975: Referendum backs membership
Labour prime minister Harold Wilson honours his election pledge and secures two-thirds support for membership on renegotiated terms.
- An overwhelming ‘Yes’ settles the issue
- History repeated: A tale of two Brexit votes from the FT Archive
1984: Fontainebleau budget deal
Margaret Thatcher secures a rebate that reduces UK net payments to the bloc and which remains in place more than three decades later
1986: Single European Act
The Single European Act paves the way for the establishment of a single market by 1992.
It both advances Britain’s business-friendly agenda and scraps an array of national vetoes.
1988: Thatcher’s Bruges speech
In a high point of Euroscepticism, the British prime minister declares: “We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, only to see them reimposed at a European level with a European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels.”
- FT View: Hard truths of 1992
- Samuel Brittan: Europe need not be corporatist
1989: Splits widen among Conservatives
Mrs Thatcher’s stance on Europe creates dissent within the Conservative party; Nigel Lawson resigns as chancellor of the exchequer.
- Joe Rogaly: The axe over the Tory party’s head
1990: Thatcher toppled
Despite three election victories, the prime minister loses power after her deputy Sir Geoffrey Howe resigns, warning that her stance on Europe posed “increasingly serious risks for the future of our nation”.
- Brittle bonds of friendship
1991: Maastricht treaty
Landmark accord sets up the euro but provides the UK with opt outs.
- Ian Davidson and Martin Wolf: New era for EC family & Federalism before a fall
1992: Britain forced out of ERM
Devastating devaluation pushes the UK out of the ERM, the forerunner of the euro, and damages the government politically, while paving the way for years of economic success.
- Lionel Barber: British run the risk of being left out of the game
1995: Mad cow disease
In May, a young British man becomes the first to die of a degenerative brain disease. Within a year, the government links the outbreak in such cases to an ailment in cattle. This leads the EU to ban all exports of British beef.
- Lionel Barber: The men who run Europe
1996: Tories and Labour debate euro
As it becomes clear that the large majority EU states will join the euro, the FT writes that in principle the UK should take part. British prime minister Sir John Major declares a “beef war” on Brussels in response to the export ban.
- FT View: New money for Europe
1999: The single currency arrives
The euro is officially launched — although notes and coins are introduced only three years later. Britain remains outside.
- UK urged to hold early referendum
2000: Nice summit
EU leaders meet to agree a new treaty to streamline the bloc ahead of the entry of a host of new members. The deal is immediately criticised for falling short of its goals.
- Larry Siedentop: The real tests for a more integrated Europe
2004: EU enlargement
The expansion long-championed by the UK takes place as the bloc admits 10 mainly ex-communist states.
- Philip Stephens: Blair must look to Europe
2006: Referendum averted
Prime minister Tony Blair had promised a referendum on the proposed EU constitution — a vote pencilled in for spring 2006. But the British government avoids such a perilous electoral test after the French and Dutch vote against the charter in 2005 — to the evident relief of London, which also shelves plans to join the euro.
2007: Lisbon treaty introduces exit clause
Article 50 of the treaty — agreed instead of the failed EU constitution — establishes for the first time a mechanism for countries to leave.
2011: Britain isolated at crisis summit
Britain vetoes new fiscal rules; other countries back the measures regardless, as tensions mount between the UK and other EU members.
- False assumptions underpin British strategy
2012: Pressure builds on David Cameron for referendum
Both Conservative Eurosceptics and the UK Independence party call for a vote on Britain’s membership; the UK prime minister ultimately agrees in 2013 to hold a referendum in the next parliament
- Peter Mandelson: Britain awaits an inevitable referendum
2015: Conservatives win election
Mr Cameron’s surprise election victory — which delivers an outright Conservative majority that even the prime minister had doubted he would secure — makes a referendum inevitable.
- Sarah Gordon: Business does not want to keep status quo
- Janan Ganesh: If this is perfidy, it works for Britain
- Gideon Rachman: The crises that threaten to unravel the EU
2016: Referendum set for June 23
EU leaders strike a final deal in February on Britain’s revised terms of membership, allowing Mr Cameron finally to announce the June referendum. But his party is split.
- Martin Wolf: A vote for Brexit is a leap in the abyss
- John Redwood: We Tories are all Eurosceptics now
- David Cameron’s adventures in Europe
- FT View: David Cameron finally makes the case against Brexit
Letter in response to this article:
Free trade deals will need to resemble single market / From Hew Donald, London W5, UK
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